In the 1940's it was banned as a glass constituent because uranium was used to make the atom bomb, there were fears for the health of glassworkers, and both US and UK Governments wanted to restrict access to uranium for military reasons. Uranium was a common source of yellow and green colouring for over a hundred years. Left above: Pearline compote by Davidson's, 1890 There is an article and pictures of Davidson's glass on this website at Davidson's lemon pearline contains uranium and is usually classified as one kind of "vaseline glass". This kind of glass is often called "vaseline glass" today, because of its similarity to the ointment of that name (which used to be a yellowy colour, but nowadays is more or less white, just to confuse the glass collectors). When pressed glass became popular later in the century, uranium was often used to make green and yellow shades, by factories all over the world, including the US and England.ĭuring the latter part of the 19th century, some glass with uranium was made with heat sensitive chemicals which turned milky white when reheated, producing a shading effect from yellow to milky white at the edges. It was also sometimes decorated with enamel or engraved. Right: Typical uranium glass from Bohemia, made in the 1840'sĭuring this early period, uranium glass was normally heavy coloured crystal glass with beautiful facet cutting and polishing. In 1843 the French glassworks, Baccarat, started making uranium glass, which they called "cristal dichroide" and also introduced an opaque apple-green version which they named "chrysoprase". In 1838 the Choisy-le-Roi factory in France was producing uranium glass. In 1836, after a visit to Bohemia, a French society for encouraging industry offered prizes for imitations of Bohemian glass. His factory, Dolny Polubny in Bohemia, made these kinds of uranium glass from 1830 to 1848. Josef Reidel is usually credited with inventing uranium glass in 1830 under the names "Annagrun" for uranium yellowish- green glass, and "Annagelb" for uranium yellow glass, naming them after his wife Anna Maria. When added to a glass mixture with a very high lead content (over 70% lead oxide) it produces a deep red colour (not a practical commercial proposition, however). When added to glass, usually as an oxide, uranium produces colours varying from amber through all the shades of yellow, to bright apple green, depending on the glass mixture. Though, strong ultra violet light can be bad for the eyes). Uranium glass, the object will fluoresce beautifully (don't look at the light directly If you get an ultra-violet torch, sometimes called a "black light" from a stampĬollecting shop or a glass collectors' supplier, and shine it on Tests conducted by Jay Glickman (reported in his book "Yellow-Green Vaseline: A Guide to the Magic Glass) and separate tests by Frank Fenton, of Fenton Glass, have shown that the radiation levels from even large quantities of uranium glass at close quarters are no more harmful than those associated with television sets or microwave ovens. Two pounds of uranium oxide were typically added to around 184 pounds of other constitutents. But the levels are not, so far as we all believe, in any way harmful. If you shine an ultra-violet light onto it, you will get a fluorescent green glow, like the picture above. If you apply a geiger-counter you will get a positive reading. The most striking thing about fluorescent or uranium glass is that it is radio-active. This area which had numerous glass-works in that period, is now split between The Czech Republic, Austria, and Germany.Ībove: The same Sowerby Bullrushes bowl (top picture) glowing under ultraviolet light But it was 50 years later that glassmakers in Bohemia, seeking new colours in a highly competitive market for glass, started to use uranium.īohemia became part of the Austrian Empire with the peace settlement of 1815, after the Napoleonic wars, and the glass trade prospered under peaceful conditions until the 1850's. In 1789 Martin Klaproth in Germany had first recognised uranium as a chemical element, and is said to have added it to glass as a colourant. Started to use uranium as a good way to make yellow and green glass. And I recognise that this definition includes some opaque glass as well as translucent and opalescent green and yellow glass.ĭuring the early 19th century glass makers in Central Europe I have avoided the term "Vaseline Glass" because there are conflicting interpretations of what it means. In this article Fluorescent Glass and Uranium Glass are defined very simply as any kind of glass which has uranium in it. Uranium Glass information from the Virtual Glass Museum Uranium Glass Uranium, fluorescent and Vaseline GlassĪbove: Two green uranium glass vases by Sowerby of Gateshead, made in the 1930's
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It can be four of the same vehicle (quad works best, as other vehicles can disappear after placing more than two). Then, get four quads from the garage and place them around the plane. Next, fly the plane to any garage (green icon on map). The Carmina plane is unlocked automatically from the "Air Raid" story mission in John's region (Nick is the mission giver for it). After destroying the plane, spawn a new one and repeat the process until you get the "Ace Killer" achievement.įirst, go to a boat shop or hangar (green icon on map) and get one of the planes with bombs (Carmina, Clusterduck, The Wild Goose). Stay parked on the ground while doing this, as there is no need to fly. Then, spawn another plane and use the machine gun (press RT) to destroy it with your plane. It is like an automatic bazooka.įirst, go to a boat shop or hangar (green icon on map) and get a sea plane with a machine gun (Carmina, Clusterduck, The Wild Goose). There is almost no reason to equip other guns. A quick burst from the M249 will destroy everything in your path. Additionally, use armor-piercing ammo to easily destroy the strongest soldiers and helicopters. Immediately unlock the Heavy Weapons Mastery and Vehicle Buster perks for it to make it much better. It is faster than a rocket launcher, and it has much more ammo. It can quickly and easily destroy vehicles and armored cultists. The M249 LMG is the best all around weapon in the game. Easy "Fertilizing The Land" achievement.Easy "Explosive Surprise" achievement. I know I could never manage a manual with my hands.and shoulders. I have only ever used a powerchair although the one I have I am about to replace, after a decade plus of 'part time' use. □Īre you planning a powerchair or manual? I would think that for either, it would be important to have her think about what her specific needs are and then discuss them/combine them with the knowledge the wheelchair reps are then able to present to you. She is meant to be starting university in September and at the moment without a chair that just won't happen.ĭoes any of you lovely people have any advice on how you choose your chair, what chairs do you recommend. I am fighting to get her referred to another specialist but until then (it could be months) I have to do something to help her. Unfortunately we don't have any medical support of any kind at the moment as the specialist she was under has left his post and hasn't been replaced therefore we are totally on our own. We have visited a couple of mobility places and while the staff are lovely, kind and obviously knowledgeable about their products, none of them have knowledge of EDS and therefore I just don't have confidence that they can advise us correctly. I am finding wheelchairs a mine field, I don't want to just go and buy any chair for fear that we'll get it wrong. My 18yr old daughter is at the stage of now needing a chair, hopefully part-time as she has really good days. I just keep pushing now and it actually happened. If one of those two or three riders ahead tip over then I may not be there. I knew I had to keep charging, because I let me head down a little bit sometimes. Did you know that you had that in you during the moto or did you surprise yourself? You uncorked another second or two on that lap. The first moto was a bit slow and steady, then you saw Prado in the distance on the last lap. I just get in trouble when it is ripped really deep and long like here. I ride with a pretty mellow one and sometimes you have to lose a bit for the start to have a very nice rideable engine. There is a lot of variation with the engine. I think that my starts are going to be better at Arco, but we were struggling a bit here with the super long start straight. You could see at LaCapelle that the start was like thirty or forty percent of this one. The bike set-up is made for a little bit of a shorter start straight. The thing was that the start straight was super long, as you have probably noticed. Yeah, actually, the start itself was not too bad. I was quite surprised to see you actually get a bad start for once. I was quite surprised that you had such a bad start in the first moto, because your starts have been on point lately. To go 3-1 on the day and get my ninety-sixth Grand Prix win was not too bad. I had a much better start in the second moto, I was fourth, then I managed to pass Pauls Jonass and Tim Gajser straight up, then obviously Jorge. I almost lost the red plate at that point. I worked my way up to third throughout the moto, so it was not too bad. If you asked me this question on the second lap of the first moto then I would have been like, “Oh, this is going to be a tough weekend.” I was fastest in time practice and my start was not too bad in the first moto, but I was too slow in the first turn and the second turn was also a mess. It started off shaky – I was a little worried – but it came good in the end. You got your championship lead to twelve points and got your ninety-sixth Grand Prix win. Interview: Lewis Phillips | Lead Image: Ray Archer This interview was first posted as an post-race podcast on the MX Vice network, presented by FLY Racing, on Sunday evening. The fact that his engine characteristics are similar to that of a 250F is an interesting revelation as well. Herlings’ mechanic has to remind him to use third gear on a majority of laps at each Grand Prix and the reason for that is fairly simply – he forgets to shift. Herlings discusses all of that in the MX Vice interview below, plus he offers intriguing insight into his bike set-up. It wasn’t all plain sailing for Herlings though he struggled early on in the first moto and then had a scary incident with Pauls Jonass over the finish line in the second moto. Herlings prospered though, just as he has done so many times before, and secured his ninety-sixth Grand Prix win, a feat that extended his championship lead to twelve. The Grand Prix of Spain was going to be a pivotal event for Jeffrey Herlings, as the man-made layout arguably suits his fiercest rivals better. Warm water flows inside the pipe, which is heated to a certain temperature. Just imagine the radiator already mentioned. In practice, the heat flow of a cylindrical tube is also often of interest rather than the temperature profiles that result. &\dot Q = – \lambda \cdot A \cdot \frac Length-specific heat flow through a cylindrical pipe Figure: Hot liquid in a hollow sphereĪccording to Fourier’s law, the rate of heat flow Q* through a surface area A depends on the temperature gradient dT/dr: This is the case with some special containers that store hot water in a spherical tank. In rare cases, the geometry can also have the shape of a hollow sphere. Also factors such as motion of the air can change the flux (have you heard of the term 'wind chill temperature' ) There may be even more factors. emissivity coefficient of the object (one - 1 - for a black body) For the gray body the incident radiation (also called irradiation) is partly reflected, absorbed or transmitted. Heat flux depends on temperature difference and the thermal conductivity of the two materials (say metal and air), and the shape of the surface (such as rough or smooth). Figure: Cylindrical heating pipes of a radiator Figure: Hot liquid in a cylindrical pipe For objects other than ideal black bodies ('gray bodies') the Stefan-Boltzmann Law can be expressed as. The heating pipes of some radiators have such a cylindrical shape. From equation (1), we can calculate the sensible heat flux by. Thus, for constant surface heat flux, equation 11. T s and T a are the sea-surface temperature (SST) and sea-surface air temperature, respectively. The heat flux q0 at the surface is now constant, and the right-hand side of equation 11.55 may be expressed as (qa/Cf,p). Heat flows through hollow cylinders are generally found in pipelines. Heat flux equation The value of the integral in the energy balance (equation 11.55) is again given by equation 11.60 substituting (6S - 8o) for 0. Figure: Heat flow through a building wall Figure: Hot liquid in a vessel with plane walls An example is the heat flow through a building wall or through the vessel wall of a container of hot water. Heat flow through a flat wall is probably the most common case. As an example, the following calculation will show the temperature curve for heat conduction through a plane vessel wall, through a cylindrical pipe and a hollow sphere. These heat flows, in turn, cause different temperature profiles inside the considered material depending on its geometry. Temperature differences cause heat flows. 4 Calculation of the heat flow using the mean area.3.3 Solid-angle-specific heat flow through a hollow sphere.3.2 Length-specific heat flow through a cylindrical pipe.3.1 Area-specific heat flow through a plane wall.3 Calculation of the heat flows based on the temperatures.2.3 Temperature profile within a hollow sphere.2.2 Temperature profile inside a cylindrical pipe.2.1 Temperature profile inside a plane wall. The grooves of the double helix were clearly resolved in images of the 146-base. As a result, the repeated regions will bind to themselves and form cool structures such as hairpin loops and cruciforms. The scanning tunneling microscope can image uncoated DNA submerged in water. Sometimes, the DNA bases on one strand are repeated in the opposite direction on the other strand. The single strands can then be used as templates for making new DNA with specially labeled bases, which can be read to figure out the original DNA sequence from the sample. Scientists will use heat to separate bonds between base pairs to turn double-stranded DNA helices into single strands. Single-stranded DNA can also be very useful in the lab, such as when you want to sequence a certain sample. But some organisms don’t have double helix DNA at all! Some viruses store all their genetic information in single stranded DNA that doesn’t pair up. So far, we’ve talked about DNA as it looks like in our cells, where it usually looks like a double helix. This gives us our familiar DNA double helix shape.ĭuring DNA replication, the site of replication looks like a fork in the road (Image via Shutterstock) Single-stranded DNA The full ladder shape then naturally twists to better hide those bases away in the center. The molecule was, they said, in the form of a double helix - two helices that spiral around each other. But for her part, Franklin did not express. In his memoir, The Double Helix, Watson acknowledged to have used Franklin’s data without her permission. So the water-hating bases prefer to latch on to each other, with the outer backbone shielding them from the water. geometric shape of DNA, the molecule of life. Franklin had in fact been working with Gosling on their own double-helix model but by the time they published their findings in July 1953, Crick and Watson had already stunned the science world. Fortunately, the outer backbone strands of DNA are hydrophilic and love water! Unfortunately, your cells are mostly made up of water, so the bases are surrounded by it. That means they want to avoid contact with water. The chemical properties of DNA cause it to adopt this shape naturally.įirst, the base pairs themselves are hydrophobic. The bases from each strand match up in the middle to link together, with A pairing with T and C pairing with G. Each strand will have nucleotide bases sticking out of it - those famous letters of A, T, C, and G. This is made up of two strands running in opposite directions. DNA’s Twists and TurnsĭNA is most often found in the classic double helix shape. Then, we’ll get into why it sometimes takes other shapes. But DNA, the all-important blueprint for making up who we are, definitely does not always take this shape!įirst, let’s look into why DNA is a double helix in the first place. Watson and Cricks postulation in 1953, exactly 50 years ago, of a double helical structure for DNA, her alded a revolution in our understanding of biology. Yes! Most people have probably seen DNA depicted as a double helix, with two chains twisting around each other to make a spiral staircase structure. People either love it or hate it” ( Source). It’s basically a rollercoaster of emotions wrapped in a few playful curves. An even more surprising study included in Jaffe’s article emphasized that while most fonts illicit one emotional response, “ Comic Sans produced spikes across the emotional spectrum–from agitation to calm. Jaffe cites a 2004 study in which researchers noted that students described fonts like Times New Roman as professional but common Helvetica was blah and least artistic Comic Sans was childish ( Source). So, not only does a font have a particular tone, but that tone is independent of the words written in that font–this means that text’s impact and meaning can be affected by the typeface used. Eric Jaffe of Fast Company writes that “the latest evidence suggests that typefaces convey their own meanings and elicit their own emotions independent of the words they spell out” ( Source). Research has even shown that typefaces evoke specific emotional responses in us. The problem with the typeface is not inherent to the typeface itself the problem is that we use it incorrectly. Every typeface and individual font has a personality and mood. In essence, the problem with comic sans goes back to the user (it’s the same reason we have “death by PowerPoint”). It’s also ill-suited in content body text, which means it’s best used as a headline/heading or short quote - in other words, a comic book” ( Source). Christine Erickson of explains the source of Comic Sans’ bad rep: “While Comic Sans is perfectly adequate in designs for children or designs related to comic books or cartoons, designers believe it has no place in business or professional work usage. It was not meant to be used for business letters, websites, products, signage, CERN presentations, or tributes to retiring Popes. So, the purpose of Comic Sans was to fit a very specific interface and experience–the comic, cartoon, animated experience. This didn’t make sense to Connare, so he created Comic Sans based on the style of Marvel and DC comics. Connare noticed that while the interface was a cartoon, the characters’ text boxes uses Times New Roman. It was created to solve an incongruity Connare noticed while he was working on Microsoft Bob, the interface designed to make the computer-using experience more palatable to novice computer users ( Source). Comic Sans, which was created by Vincent Connare was never meant to be used in the regular system of fonts available on a Windows PC ( Source). The long answer is still nothing and everything, but let’s explore why. The short answer is nothing and everything. |
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